NOBLE PRIZE 2020

Physics

Nobel Prize for Physics in the year of 2020 was given for three persons

 Awarded to: 

 ·       Roger Penrose - For the discovery of Black hole Formation

·       Andrea M. Ghez, Reinhard Genzel - For the Discovery of a Supermassive compact object at the centre of our Milky Way Galaxy

Roger Penrose 

Mr Roger was born on 8­­­­­th of August by the year 1931 at UK. He is a Mathematical Physicist and a science Philosopher. He owned Nobel Prize for “The discovery of Black hole Formation” with one second of Prize value.

 The Penrose Explanation:

The relationship between quantum mechanics and general relativity, Penrose proposes that a quantum state remains in superposition until the difference of space-time curvature attains a significant level.

 Many Scientists believe that supermassive black holes formed at the same time as the galaxy they are in

Andrea M. Ghez

Andrea is an American astronomer was born on 16th June by the year 1965 on New York.  She was the fourth women to award Nobel Prize for Physics

Reinhard Genzel

Reinhard is a German Astrophysicist born on 23 of march by the year 1952. Andrea and Reinhard won the Nobel Prize with one by forth of Prize value each.

 Black hole at the centre:

             They owned Nobel for the great “Discovery of a Supermassive compact object at the centre of our Milky Way Galaxy”, That Black hole was named as Sagittarius A *. Astronomers used NASA’s Chandra X-Ray to observe and to understand why material around extra ordinary faint in X-Ray. Then this led to deep discussion the concluded the centre of our milky way is super massive Blackhole named as Sagittarius A*.

 External links:

https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2020/summary/

https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/chandra/multimedia/black-hole-SagittariusA.html

Chemistry

Prize Award For: The Development of S Method for Genome Editing (genetic scissors)

 Awarded to: 

·  Emmanuelle Charpentier, French Professor was born on 11th Dec 1968, France.

·      Jennifer Anne Doudna, American Biochemist was born on 19th Feb by the year 1964,Usa.

They Discovered:

Emmanuelle and Jennifer discovered the sharpest tool to change or Modified the DNA. The Crispr/ Cas9 are referred as Genetic scissors they are Present in our body.

 This could be used for research purposes, by targeting mutations to specific genes, and in gene therapy. This technology has had a revolutionary impact on the life sciences. As so often in science, the discovery of these genetic scissors was unexpected

 Uses of Discovery:

This contributing to new cancer therapies and make them of curing inherited diseases. By inserting a functional gene into an organism and targeting it to replace the defective one it could be possible to cure certain genetic diseases.

External Links: https://www.understandinganimalresearch.org.uk/news/communications-media/2020-nobel-prize-for-chemistry-for-the-development-of-a-method-for-genome-editing/

Technical Term:

Gene -- It consists of enough DNA to code for one protein

Genome -- A Complete set of DNA

Crispr -- A family of DNA sequences found in the genomes of prokaryotic organisms

Cas9 -- 160 kilodalton protein which plays a vital role in the immunological

Medicine

Prize award for: The Discovery of Hepatitis C Virus.

 Awarded to: 

 ·        Harvey J. Alter, Born 1935, New York. Worked in National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA

·        Michael Houghton, born on 1949 at United Kingdom work at University of Alberta, Canada

 ·        Charles M. Rice, Born by the year 1952, CA, USA. Working in Rockefeller University, New York.

Baruch Blumberg

        Baruch Blumberg, an American Scientist won Nobel Prize in 1976 for the invention of Hepatitis B Virus. Then developed vaccine and named as HEPATA VAX by late 1980’s. These hepatitis viruses are Blood Born Viruses. Alter was the young & main person in Baruch Team.

 What they discovered:

 ·       Harvey J. Alter was the first person to declare that, there is a virus reason for Hepatitis (which is neither A nor B hepatitis).

·       Michael Houghton discovered the Genetic Sequence of unknown Hepatitis; this belongs to Flaviviridae family (RNA) by the year 1989.

·       Harvey and Houghton Both invented technique to detect Hepatitis by Lab Test.

·        Charles M. Rice founded that, only having Hepatitis C virus in blood can also causes Disease

The Nobel Laureates discovery of Hepatitis C virus is a landmark achievement in the ongoing battle against viral diseases.

 Brief on Hepatitis C: 

 The Hepatitis C causes approximately 400,000 deaths a year. Hepatitis C enters the body through the blood stream, where it then attacks the liver to lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer.There is no vaccine for hepatitis C virus, but the basic science discoveries of the Nobel laureates have contributed to the development of antiviral drugs.

 Thanks to their discovery, highly sensitive blood tests for the virus are now available and these have essentially eliminated post-transfusion hepatitis in many parts of the world, greatly improving global health.

 External Link: https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2020/press-release/